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Architectural
surfaces provide another target market for the company. Technical
attention to tailored acoustic behavior, namely reflection and
absorption, in walls and ceilings is a focus of SmartSkin. Products
may be wall and ceiling materials and coverings. The technical team
has identified a number of concepts that, when applied to walls
and/or ceilings will measurably change the interaction of those
surfaces with acoustic energy in the form of sound waves.
The need for acoustically tailored surfaces is strong and growing in
our increasingly noisy society. Poor acoustical surroundings raise
stress levels, increase frustration and ruin verbal communication.
This is a particularly serious situation in classrooms. A recent
study by Ohio State University researchers showed that the acoustics
of many classrooms are poor enough to make listening and learning
difficult for children and that the findings "held across economic
boundaries". The classroom problems, which may be equated in many
ways to offices and other institutional environments, are
reverberation and background noise. When sound bounces off hard
surfaces, it creates a masking noise that is additive to the ambient
background noise and interferes with speech recognition. Students
are sensitive to bad acoustics because they are still learning the
language and a small change in the speech to noise ratio can cause a
"child to go from understanding almost everything to understanding
very little". Beyond auditory effects, classroom noise has also
strong physiological, motivational and cognitive effects on
children. Additionally, for children with hearing impairment,
reverberation of sound off of hard surfaces is an even bigger
problem than one of the distraction imparted on a normal-hearing
student population. According to Marilyn Neault, Ph.D., Co- Director
of the Cochlear Implant Program at Children's Hospital – Boston,
"While adult listeners with normal hearing can understand speech in
a room with a reverberation time as long as one second, children in
general can't have the echo last longer than 0.7 seconds before
their ability to recognize words starts to drop. Children with
hearing impairment need a reverberation time of no longer than 0.4
seconds to recognize words as well as their hearing allows."
Walls and ceilings in structures such as classrooms have to be both
insulating and absorbing. The universal wall covering is gypsum
wallboard, e.g. Sheetrock. Gypsum wallboard is an excellent
insulator in that sound is not transmitted though the material, i.e.
it has a high sound transmission coefficient (STC).
On the other hand it reflects sound well and contributes to the
reverberations and other types of background noise that interfere in
the learning environment. Sound reflection is measured by the noise
reduction coefficient (NRC). Wallboard has a low NRC. The technical
team at SSI has identified methods to increase the NRC of wallboard
without degrading its STC. It also has designs for ceiling
treatments e.g. tiles and other coverings with increased values of
NRC.
The Technology is also effective on the other end of the interior
acoustic spectrum where reverberation is needed, for instance in a
music studio. By embedding sensors and actuators into the surface
and applying Energy Flow Control™ technology, the acoustics of a
room can be tailored to the satisfaction of the occupant.
Reverberation can be enhanced or suppressed at will. This technology
forms the basis of the "Acoustically Intelligent Architectural
Surface™" concept under development at SSI. The ultimate product in
this line will be Acoustically Intelligent Wallpaper™ containing
micro-arrays of MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) sensors and
actuators powered by microelectronic circuitry embedded in the
wallpaper. When properly designed and situated using the Technology,
the MEMS will allow noise suppression (STC and/or NRC) at will
within a room. The Energy Flow Control™ patent protects this
Technology concept. |